NEW YORK — Consumers, enticed by cooler weather and an improving economy, spent a little more in October, handing the retail industry its second consecutive monthly sales gain after more than a year of declines.

Even affluent shoppers, who had been tight with their purse strings since the financial meltdown ballooned last year, spent more for designer duds.

As merchants announced their figures last week, the results showed that shoppers still were not splurging, restrained by tight credit and a weak job market. But the improving figures and tone of the reports all pointed to sales momentum, encouraging as the industry heads into the holiday shopping season.

Among the bright spots were Costco Wholesale Corp.; TJX Cos., which operates T.J. Maxx and Marshalls; and Gap Inc., all of which reported solid gains for October. But the biggest surprise were improving sales at luxury retailers like Saks Inc., and Nordstrom Inc.

"Improved macro conditions are leading shoppers to spend more on discretionary purchases," said Ken Perkins, president of retail research firm Retail Metrics. "This should bode well for Christmas."

According to the International Council of Shopping Centers-Goldman Sachs tally, sales at stores opened at least a year rose 2.1 percent, compared with a 4.2 percent drop in October 2008.

The October results marked the industry's strongest performance since July 2008 and beat estimates for a 1 percent gain. October's gain followed a surprising 0.6 percent increase in September.

Sales at stores open at least a year are considered a key indicator of a retailer's health.

Business was helped by a number of factors. Cooler weather helped boost sales of plaid shirts, leggings and boots. And early holiday discounts also may have drawn shoppers to get a head start on Christmas buying, Perkins said. Those with money are now becoming a little more willing to spend it, soothed by improving signs in housing and the stock market.

But retail sales figures are mainly starting to look better because they are being compared with the free fall in spending a year ago.

The big question, analysts wonder, is whether shoppers will be motivated to buy holiday goods at full price knowing that if they wait too long, that coveted item may no longer be on the shelves. Or they could settle for a second-rate alternative that's discounted.

Clearly, there's plenty of concern about the fragility of American consumers who continue to grapple with tight credit and weak employment. More than 6 million additional people were jobless in September 2009 than in September 2008.

Against the uncertain economic backdrop, discounters and wholesale club operators continue to benefit as shoppers still want low prices and necessities.

Costco said that sales at stores open at least a year climbed 5 percent in October, helped by strengthening foreign currencies. Analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters had expected a 4.7 percent gain.

Target Corp. posted a 0.2 percent decline in October; analysts had expected results to be unchanged from a year ago. The retailer said that sales of necessities like health care products rose, but electronics and sporting goods sales were weaker.

Among department stores, Macy's Inc. posted a 0.8 percent decline in sales at stores open at least a year. J.C. Penney Co. had a 4.5 percent sales drop, worse than the 2.3 percent decline that analysts anticipated. The company said that women's apparel and shoes were top performers.

Nordstrom enjoyed a 6.5 percent gain, and Saks posted a 0.7 percent sales gain. Saks described business as still "weak," but several categories like women's designer sportswear, outerwear and jewelry all showed relative strength, along with its online and Off 5th businesses.

AP Writer Christopher S. Rugaber contributed to this report in Washington.